本帖最后由 埃律西昂 于 2023-2-2 20:41 编辑
简介：
到2025年底，3M将完全停产被称为“永久化学物质”的全氟和多氟烷基物质。
来源： Motivair Cool News The Elec
原英文标题： 《How Forever Chemical Designation May Impact HPC Cooling》《How Forever Chemical Designation May Impact HPC Cooling》
The EPA’s recent designation of so-called “forever chemicals” will have a significant impact on the IT industry’s ability to leverage two-phase immersion and two-phase cold plate cooling solutions as it looks to manage thermal challenges in higher wattage GPUs and CPUs.
EPA最近指定的所谓“永久化学品”将对IT行业利用两相浸没和两相冷板冷却解决方案的能力产生重大影响，因为IT行业希望管理更高瓦数GPU和CPU的散热挑战。
In December, the EPA’s designated polyfluoroalkyl substances, better known as PFAS, as hazardous substances. PFAS have also come under scrutiny in Europe, where some are urging an EU-wide ban on use of the substances.
去年12月，美国环保署将多氟烷基物质（PFAS）列为有害物质。PFAS在欧洲也受到了审查，一些人敦促在欧盟范围内禁止使用这些物质。
PFAS, a set of chemicals in common water-proof clothing and non-stick materials, are also prevalent in semiconductor manufacturing, two-phase immersion cooling, and two-phase cold plate cooling applications.
PFAS是常见防水服和不粘材料中的一组化学物质，在半导体制造、两相浸没冷却和两相冷板冷却应用中也很普遍。
CAN THE HPC INDUSTRY SHIFT FROM HERE TO MEET DEMAND?
Each of these approaches offer their own unique benefits as well as challenges, however the recent EPA announcement presents concerns likely causing early adopters and the IT industry to take pause for three primary reasons:
HPC行业能否从现在转向满足需求？
这些方法中的每一种都有其独特的优势和挑战，但是最近EPA的公告提出了可能导致早期采用者和IT行业暂停的担忧，主要原因有三个：
The largest consumers of IT equipment with names like Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Meta, to name a few, are committed to self-imposed Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance goals (ESG). For investors and Board of Directors, using PFAS in any form presents unwanted risk and is against the intent of most ESG initiatives.
IT设备的最大消费者，如Amazon、Google、Microsoft和Meta等，都致力于实现自我强加的环境、社会和公司治理目标（ESG）。对于投资者和董事会来说，以任何形式使用PFAS都会带来不必要的风险，并违背大多数ESG计划的意图。
Server manufacturers along with the largest consumers of IT equipment operate on a global scale. The EPA’s recent declaration, combined with calls for bans on PFAS inside the European Union, create an unclear view of a two-phase cooling solution that can be deployed globally.
服务器制造商沿着IT设备的最大消费者在全球范围内运营。美国环保署最近的声明，加上欧盟内部禁止PFAS的呼吁，使人们对可以在全球部署的两相冷却解决方案产生了不清楚的看法。
Until now, 3M has produced the vast majority of PFAS and has recently announced it will stop producing Novec and similar forever chemicals. This creates an immediate risk of obsolescence for technologies using these or similar PFAS fluids.
到目前为止，3M公司生产了绝大多数的PFAS，最近宣布将停止生产Novec和类似的永久化学品。对于使用这些或类似PFAS流体的技术，这产生了立即过时的风险。
SINGLE PHASE AND TWO-PHASE COOLING OPTIONS
The rise in computer chip wattages has led to a flurry of advances in thermal technologies designed for removing heat from high-powered servers, such as those being used for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Exascale Supercomputers.
单相和两相冷却选项
计算机芯片瓦数的增加导致了散热技术的一系列进步，这些技术旨在从高功率服务器中散热，例如用于人工智能（AI）和Exascale超级计算机的服务器。
The most common approach from a physics perspective is either single phase, in which the fluid of choice remains in a liquid form or two-phase, in which the fluid of choice is boiled and then condensed in a repetitive cycle. Immersion cooling and direct liquid cooling are the primary drivers for these applications.
从物理学角度来看，最常见的方法是单相或两相，单相中所选流体保持液体形式，两相中所选流体在重复循环中沸腾然后冷凝。浸没式冷却和直接液体冷却是这些应用的主要驱动力。
Immersion cooling is available in single phase (using a non-conductive oil) or two-phase (using a dielectric refrigerant like Novec).
浸入式冷却有单相（使用非导电油）或两相（使用介电制冷剂，如Novec）两种。
Originally driven by Bitcoin farms, immersion cooling made its mark by efficiently removing close to 100% of the heat generated from servers through immersing entire IT assets in specialized tanks filled with dielectric (non-conductive) fluid.
浸入式冷却最初由比特币农场推动，通过将整个IT资产浸入充满介电（非导电）流体的专用容器中，有效地消除了服务器产生的近100%的热量。
Direct Liquid Cooling is a method which has been used for decades, where fluid is directed through cold plates placed on top of various computer chips to remove heat.
直接液体冷却 是一种已经使用了几十年的方法，其中流体被引导通过 冷板 放置在各种计算机芯片的顶部以散热。
Single-phase cold plate cooling uses a water-based fluid, while two-phase cold plate cooling uses Novec or something similar. Direct Liquid Cooling can typically remove 70% of the heat generated by the IT equipment with the balance being reject to surrounding air.
单相冷板冷却使用水基流体，而两相冷板冷却使用Novec或类似物。直接液体冷却通常可以去除IT设备产生的70%的热量，其余热量被排放到周围空气中。
All of the cooling technologies mentioned here have been deployed successfully and no doubt will find a home within the larger IT ecosystem, however the recent events surrounding two-phase cooling will continue to present challenges to large scale adoption moving forward.
这里提到的所有冷却技术都已成功部署，毫无疑问，它们将在更大的IT生态系统中找到用武之地，但是，最近围绕两相冷却的事件将继续给大规模采用带来挑战。
As the IT industry continues to leverage advanced chips for driving innovation and competitive advantage, thermal technologies remain at the center of the ecosystem. Those technologies capable of meeting performance needs, ESG goals, and supply chain continuity will most likely command the most attention moving forward.
随着IT行业不断利用先进芯片来推动创新和竞争优势，散热技术仍然是生态系统的核心。那些能够满足性能需求、ESG目标和供应链连续性的技术很可能会在未来得到最多的关注。
The market for chillers used in semiconductor production is expected to change racially in the next two to three years.
半导体生产中使用的冷却器市场预计将在未来两到三年内发生重大变化。
This is because the world’s largest coolant producer 3M has announced that it will end production by 2025 from environmental regulations.
这是因为全球最大的冷却液生产商3M公司宣布，从环保法规来看，将在2025年停产。
Chillers are used to absorb heat inside chambers during wafer etching. Different coolants are used depending on how the chipmaker controls the temperature.
冷却剂用于在晶片蚀刻期间吸收腔室内的热量。根据芯片制造商控制温度的方式，使用不同的冷却剂。
Coolants such as those used in refrigerators have been dominantly used as chillers as they are relatively power efficient and can manage the temperature in a wide range.
诸如在冰箱中使用的那些冷却剂已经主要用作冷却器，因为它们相对功率有效并且可以在宽范围内管理温度。
But the recent moves by countries to enforce stricter regulation to protect the environment has raised concern about the use of coolants, which can become pollutants.
但最近各国为保护环境而实施更严格监管的举措，引发了人们对冷却剂使用的担忧，冷却剂可能会成为污染物。
US company 3M dominates the chip coolant market with up to 90% market share; the second-largest producer is Belgian firm Solvay.
美国公司3M主导芯片冷却剂市场，市场份额高达90%;第二大生产商是比利时的Solvay公司。
In March, the Belgium government ordered 3M to halt the operation of its coolant factory in Flanders as it failed to meet the upped PFAS emission standard.
去年3月，比利时政府下令3M停止其在弗兰德斯的冷却剂工厂的运营，因为该工厂未能达到提高后的PFAS排放标准。
PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are used to make coolants and is known to be harmful to the environment.
PFAS或全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质用于制造冷却剂，已知对环境有害。
Initially, 3M attempted to find a solution to use less PFAS but late last year announced that it would end the production of PFAS entirely by the end of 2025.
最初，3M试图找到减少PFAS使用的解决方案，但去年年底宣布将在2025年底前完全停止PFAS的生产。
South Korean chipmakers Samsung and SK Hynix had so far relied heavily on the coolant supply from 3M for their chip production.
迄今为止，韩国芯片制造商三星（Samsung）和SK海力士（SK Hynix）的芯片生产严重依赖3M的冷却剂供应。
They are expected to find alternative solutions such as using electric chillers that use fewer coolants than refrigerator-like chillers, sources said.
消息人士称，预计他们将找到替代解决方案，如使用比冰箱式冷水机使用更少冷却剂的电冷水机。
Gas chillers that do away with coolants entirely will also be considered, they added.
他们补充说，完全不用冷却剂的气体冷却器也将被考虑。 |
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发表于 2023-2-2 20:37
